Sex and Rebellion: How Gen Z is Transforming Iran

By Maryam Dehkordi

Amid rapid technological advances and shifting social norms, Generation Z in Iran is emerging as a key force, transforming the country's cultural and social landscape.

In this report, IranWire explores the social changes in Iran regarding sex and sexual relations and the influence of Generation Z on these shifts.

The report delves into how the TV series "At the End of the Night," directed by Aida Pahanandeh, has broken through emotional and sexual taboos. 

Previously forbidden topics, such as the nuances of divorce and the prioritization of personal connections over traditional marital issues, are openly addressed. The series has garnered praise for its candid portrayal of these themes.

Many Iranians, both at home and abroad, see their own suppressed experiences reflected in "At the End of the Night." Despite some flaws, the series shines for its rare, authentic portrayal of middle-class life. The director's bold choice to avoid cliché messaging sets it apart from works riddled with sexist or trivial humor.

The report aims to investigate what changes have happened beneath the surface of society. It examines whether Generation Z’s approach to taboos has influenced the views of previous generations and if these shifts reflect a broader transformation in societal norms.

Who Are Generation Z?

Generation Z, born between 1995 and 2010, came of age during a time of rapid technological growth, marked by the rise of the Internet and social media. They are often recognized as the first generation immersed in smart technology and digital connectivity.

Unlike previous generations, Generation Z has unprecedented access to information and resources from around the world. They can effortlessly explore different cultures, lifestyles, and global perspectives at the touch of a button.

Generation Z boldly voiced their demands during the 2022 Woman, Life, Freedom movement, challenging societal structures. However, concerns linger among civil activists about their exposure to sexist, violent content and their rejection of traditional norms.

Sociologist Saeed Peyvandi, based in France, analyzes how Generation Z is the first to influence older generations, challenging long-held traditions. Peyvandi explains, “The communication and dialogue spaces between generations are currently in crisis.

One reason is that Generation Z, with its networked life and easier access to information, engages with knowledge and awareness differently. This has led to a new form of individuality, enabling them to impact previous generations.

For the first time, younger generations are shaping the discourse with older generations, reversing the traditional dynamic where experience and knowledge flowed from the older to the younger.”

Peyvandi observes that Generation Z is more willing to confront taboo subjects and push societal boundaries. With greater autonomy and boldness to challenge norms, they resemble the rebellious youth of 1960s Europe, who also left a profound impact on their predecessors and reshaped societal conditions.

Generation Z: Reckless or Just Different?

Field observations of interactions with Generation Z reveal intriguing characteristics about this cohort. A teacher who spends many hours with students under 18 told IranWire: "These children are remarkably different and worthy of study, often disregarding rules they view as unfair.

Unlike our generation, which was often frustrated by such laws but eventually conformed, they actively ignored them. This apparent carelessness frustrates teachers who see a lack of focus in the classroom and parents who feel it challenges established norms. Yet, this attitude undeniably reflects a broader shift in societal values."

According to this teacher, the dynamic between students and teachers today contrasts sharply with previous generations: "I allow my students to leave the classroom whenever they need to drink water or eat.

Once, a student went out and returned, casually announcing to her friends that she was on her period, oblivious to the fact that I could hear her. Such statements, once considered taboo and private, now reflect a generational shift in openness and comfort with discussing personal matters."

"Forbidden Acts" and Societal Norms

For over forty years in Iran, dance has been labeled as a "forbidden act." Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic, asserts that "dancing in general is forbidden if it incites lust or involves forbidden actions." 

He has even said, "It is absolutely forbidden for a woman to dance in front of strangers." In an unusual fatwa, Khamenei permits "a woman to dance for her husband or vice versa" only if it does not involve "haram" (forbidden) actions, though he does not specify what constitutes such actions between spouses.

This strict stance has effectively removed dance from Iranian culture. Women have been excluded from dances and related ceremonies, while men are permitted only to participate in all-male groups or in ritualistic, folkloric forms of dance. Even children are not spared from this restrictive view.

In Fatwa 1176, Khamenei addressed children's dance, stating, "Immature children, whether boys or girls, are not subject to such prohibitions, but adults should not encourage them to dance."

He also decreed that dancing at weddings, if deemed haram, is forbidden, even for parents at their own children's weddings. However, in recent years, Generation Z, particularly the younger generation of dancers, has posed a significant challenge to these regulations.

Maedeh Hejbari, a Generation Z dancer, faced legal issues after posting her dance videos on Instagram. Born in 2001, she danced privately in her room but was arrested and coerced into a confession, leading her to temporarily leave Iran and suspend her Instagram activities.

After the Woman, Life, Freedom movement, dancing has made a comeback in Iran, with teenagers defying past fears. Streets and public spaces now buzz with the vibrant energy of youth reclaiming their freedom to dance.

In her latest series, director Aida Pahanandeh highlights Generation Z’s boldness with a dance scene. The scene, featuring Behnam (Parsa Piroozfer) dancing with his mother (Tezhak Broumand) in a nursing home, was eventually cut from the streaming platform.

This portrayal of a simple, genuine moment between mother and son underscores a significant gap in cinema and television over the past four decades.

An Emotional Breakdown

"At the End of the Night" tells the story of a couple who decide to part ways after ten years of marriage. While divorce is a familiar theme, the series offers a nuanced exploration of middle-class life in contemporary Iran, particularly resonating with a generation that traditionally views matters of the body and physical relationships as taboo.

The series presents a fresh take on divorce, focusing on a middle-class couple whose separation is portrayed with insight and sophistication. Unlike stories centered around addiction, abuse, or poverty, "At the End of the Night" explores a more subtle and profound narrative.

Despite their love and shared values, the couple's separation stems from personal differences and mistakes, reflecting a deep, thoughtful process rather than societal pressures or economic struggles.

The series also emphasizes that divorce is not a singular event but a gradual process. It begins with subtle issues - miscommunication, lack of attention, and emotional neglect - that eventually escalate into a significant life change.

The portrayal of these themes in one of the most popular Iranian series reflects the more relaxed attitudes of Generation Z towards emotional and marital relationships.

The Story of Sanam

Sanam, a 23-year-old, has been living with her partner for three years. Although they are not officially married, they have a mutual agreement outlining their roles and responsibilities.

Sanam said, “My family lives in Karaj while my partner and I are based in Tehran. When I told my parents about our plans to live together, my father advised us to clearly define our roles and do things for our life."

When asked if her parents had issues with her decision, Sanam explains, “Many things were once considered wrong or forbidden by my parents, but their restrictions eased as I grew older.

Before I turned 18, I adhered strictly to their rules, but they assured me that once I reached adulthood, I would have their support. So when I chose to live with my partner at 20, they acknowledged my decision, though they made it clear that while they were there for me, it was ultimately my life to navigate.”

Tension and Sexual Relationships Post-Separation

"At the End of the Night" powerfully captures the emotional turmoil and judgment that both men and women face after a breakup. It delves into the protagonist Mahi's emotional struggles post-divorce, contrasting her journey with her sister’s, thus emphasizing Generation Z's influence on earlier generations and their evolving views on relationships and separation.

Generation Z is redefining traditional norms surrounding female sexuality, moving away from outdated stereotypes. This shift is evident in their more open attitude toward "one-night stands," a level of openness unseen in previous generations. In a society where women were often taught to view sexual desire as shameful, Generation Z is embracing their needs with newfound freedom and self-acceptance.

In "At the End of the Night," one character, Behnam’s neighbor, exemplifies this shift. She is a young woman who, having been married young to a cousin she loved but later found unsuitable, chooses to separate. Now aware of Behnam’s recent separation, she is depicted as someone who embraces her autonomy and desires.

Unlike previous societal expectations, she seeks temporary relationships based on mutual attraction rather than waiting to be chosen. When questioned about her choices, she responds with a refreshing sense of agency: “Why shouldn’t a good person come into my life?” This dialogue reflects her confidence and awareness of her worth.

Sociologist Saeed Peyvandi sees this portrayal as a key development in Iranian sociology. He compares it to rebellious acts in earlier films like "Leila’s Brothers," noting that while older generations clung to their values, Generation Z is boldly embracing freedom and self-expression.

He emphasizes that "this progressive shift, particularly in how women are represented and empowered, is crucial for the future of society and underscores the vital role women play in this transformative process."